Criticism of a Social Group

Criticism of a Social Group The intergroup sensitivity effect occurs when people perceive criticism of a social group they belong to. Group members evaluation of the criticism depends largely on the source of the message. According to social identity theory outgroup members are typically evaluated less positively than ingroup members because people are motivated to perceive their group (and themselves) as more favorable than a reference group. Applying this ingroup preference to intergroup criticisms; outgroup critics are evaluated less positively than ingroup critics, and their comments arouse greater sensitivity than do the same comments made by an ingroup member. Since ingroup members receive more positive appraisal, their criticisms are perceived as more constructive, provoke less sensitivity, and are agreed with more. Research by Hornsey and Imani (2003) supported the intergroup sensitivity effect by revealing that ingroup critics were met with less defensiveness than were outgroup critics, regardless of t he amount of experience they had with the ingroup. The black sheep effect is another phenomenon related to social identity. When ingroup member deviate from the defining norms of the group they threaten the image of the group. One goal of group membership is positive distinctiveness; to be distinct from a reference group in a more positive way. When ingroup members deviate from norms that define the group they threaten the positive distinctiveness of the group. These individuals are then negatively evaluated. The black sheep effect refers to more negative evaluations of ingroup deviants compared to outgroup members, deviant or otherwise. Outgroup deviants cannot threaten the positive distinctiveness of the group like an ingroup member can. Groups may have a tendency to agree on more extreme positions than those held by individuals through a process called group polarization. Often this occurs following group discussion. Two theories may account for this phenomenon, social comparison theory (SCT) and persuasive arguments theory (PAT). According to SCT, people are motivated to evaluate and present themselves positively, in order to do this an individual must be continually processing information about how other people present themselves and adjust their self-presentations accordingly. People also want to be perceived to be better than average so they present themselves in a more favorable light. When all members of a group engage in this comparing process the result is a shift in a direction of perceived greater value. To do this people engage in removal of pluralistic ignorance, where they present their views as compromises between the ideal and the desire to not be too deviant from the group. People then tend to shift towards the ideal position, leading to group polarization. The bandwagon effect, or one-upmanship, also occurs because people want to be different and distinct from other people in their group in a more favorable direction. This happens when people infer the norm of the group, then shift their respo nse to a more ideal position. The persuasive arguments theory (PAT) suggests that an individuals choice or position on an issue is a function of the number and persuasiveness of pro and con arguments that that person recalls from memory when formulating their position. Discussion causes polarization because it provides persuasive arguments to the individual. These arguments tend to be evaluated on their validity and novelty. A meta-analysis by Isenberg (1986) suggested that, while there is evidence for both SCT and PAT as mediators of group polarization, PAT tends to have a stronger effect. While both may occur simultaneously, there is evidence that they are two conceptually independent processes. One of the primary ways that individuals maintain independence from norms associated with social groups is through social support. Allen (1975) proposed that social support serves to provide an assessment of physical and social reality. Under situations of conformity (experimentally manipulated by consensus on an incorrect answer) social support encourages individuals to express responses inconsistent with those of the group. Social support counteracts negative social factors related to dissent by reducing anxiety related to potential rejection, and reducing the perception that the group will make negative dispositional attributions about the dissenter. On a cognitive basis, social support helps nonconformity by simply breaking the expectation of group consensus, by cognitively restructuring the meaning of a given stimulus, and by reassuring the dissenting person that they have not lost touch with reality. Nonconformity aided by social support is enhanced by previous social contact w ith the supporter, and occur whether the supporter is an ingroup or outgroup member (as long as the conformity issue is not related to the salient social identity. The effectiveness of minority influence relies on a number of factors. According to Moscovici Faucheux (1972) one of the main factors is consistency of the message. People are motivated to seek consistency in their social world and it is easier to persuade individuals of the legitimacy of ones view on issues when the message is consistent, particularly when the answer is unknown (e.g. how to fix  the economy). Moscovici also suggests that rigid minorities tend to have a less direct influence than more flexible minorities, which may imply that Palin needs to portray her views as more moderate. Alvaro and Crano (1997) suggest that indirect minority influence may be effective at changing attitudes. In an effort to effect popular opinion about highly contested and core political issues (e.g. abortion rights) she ought to target an associated, less contentious issue (e.g. sex education in public schools). In order for her to have any success at indirect influence however, she needs to present herself as an ingroup member. She might focus on her identity as a woman, a mother, cite a long familial American heritage or any other potential cross-cutting categories. She will have more success if she portrays herself as more similar to the majority of Americans. Old fashioned prejudice may be characterized as overt prejudice where discrimination is obvious and public. Modern prejudice can be conceptualized as aversive racism (Gaertner Dovidio, 1986) which is characterized by ambivalence between feelings and beliefs associated with a egalitarian value system and unacknowledged negative feelings and beliefs about African Americans. For most Americans an egalitarian value system is important to the self-concept, demanding a nonprejudiced self-image. This is the result of sympathy for victims of past injustices leading to support of public policies that promote racial equality. However, negative attitudes toward African Americans are still pervasive. These feelings and beliefs may be derived from a historical and contemporary culturally racist contexts (creating uneasiness or discomfort). They may be biases derived from cognitive mechanisms that contribute to the development of stereotypes. They may also develop from any combination of historic al stereotypes, institutional racism, need for self-esteem, or economic competition. As opposed to the direct link between old fashioned racism and acts of prejudice, aversive racism has more complex antecedents for expression of prejudice. When there is weak, ambiguous or conflicting normative structure defining appropriate interaction or if a prejudiced response can be rationalized or justified through attribution to some factor other than race, actsof prejudice are more likely to occur. When there is clearly appropriate normative structure and a prejudiced response cannot be rationalized acts of prejudice are less likely to occur. Deindividuation effects have classically been described as anti-normative behavior stemming from decreased self-awareness and decreased self-evaluation, occurring when the presence and identity of a group supersede individual identity. Specific antecedents of deindividuation effects were proposed by Zimbardo (1969), which included anonymity, sensory overload, novel situations, loss of individual responsibility and substance abuse. Zimbardo proposed that deindividuation effects manifested as behaviors that were violations of norms and largely characterized as antisocial. Diener (1980) further elaborated on the effect as decreased self-awareness by an individual, making them responsive to external stimulus over internal monitoring and planning. It is important to note that these classical conceptions of deindividuation effects largely as an individual process, rather than a group process. A more contemporary model that challenges classical conceptualizations of deindividuation is the social identity perspective on deindividuation effects (SIDE; Reicher et al., 1995). The SIDE model proposes that deindividuation effects fall into one of two categories; (a) cognitive effects and (b) strategic effects, depending on whether the self or other group members are anonymous. Cognitive effects are believed to occur in relation to others being anonymous or identifiable. When group members are anonymous the individual has a tendency to perceive indicators of group membership, making social identity and group norms salient, however when other group members are identifiable, individual identity becomes salient, decreasing the power of group norms. In contrast, strategic effects occur when the self is either anonymous or identifiable to the group. They are named as such because rather than being involved in perception of social identity, they are involved in displaying social identi ty. Studies suggested that when an individual was anonymous they expressed more punishable than unpunishable ingroup norms, when they were identifiable, they expressed more unpunishable than punishable ingroup norms. When identity is available to an ingroup, individuals express group norms in an effort to enhance social identity, but when identity is available to an outgroup, individuals are less expressive of group norms, possibly for fear of retribution. The SIDE model suggests that crowd behaviors related to anonymity rarely result from deindividuated states, rather that behaviors were context dependant and consistent with group norms.

Memory Management Comparison Essay

When discussing the differences in memory management practices between Windows and Linux environments, an understanding of what they do is necessary. Memory management systems are core aspects of operating systems. Managing a memory hierarchy of random access memory (RAM) and available hard disks is only its basic function. They perform other critical tasks such as the allocation and de-allocation of memory for processes that take care of logistics and implementing virtual memory via the hard disk to perform as additional RAM. Maximum optimization of the memory system is crucial as it greatly affects the overall speed and performance of the system. An important concept in memory management is virtual memory. The basic idea behind this is providing an application the illusion of the presence of large amounts of memory available for use. This is made possible as the kernel makes use of secondary storage (hard disk) to fulfill extra memory requirements. Virtual memory requires mapping functions to do address translation – converting physical addresses to virtual addresses. The virtual being the location the application refers to, and the physical being the actual memory location; this is generally a paging or segmentation function, but can be both, depending on the kernel, processor architecture and its state. To begin a comprehensive comparison of memory management systems of Windows and Linux, let us first analyze the data structures used to keep track of and maintain virtual memory. Windows uses a tree form system where each node of the tree is called Virtual Address Descriptors (VAD). VADs denote a range of address that has the same commit state information and protection parameters. This tree is a balanced to keep the depth of the tree at a minimum. This allows the search time when finding a node containing a location to be kept relatively low. Nodes can be marked one of three ways, committed, free, or reserved. Committed nodes represent ones that have had code or data mapped to it. Free nodes are not yet used; reserved nodes are used in special cases. In Linux systems, virtual memory is kept in a linked list structure. This list is a structure that represents continuous areas of memory having the identical protection parameters. The structure records the address range it is mapped onto, whether it is pinned in memory, the direction it will grow in, and the protection mode. Whether the area the public or private is also recorded. This linked list also converts into a tree list if the number of entries exceeds a particular number. This method uses the best structure in the best situations. These two systems while originating in different backgrounds (Windows –commercial setting, Linux – hacker setting), have modern and theoretically sound concepts which are suitable for production environments. Both systems have many things in common with few technical differences. Windows has gone through more thought and effort during its design/development with decisions at various levels being made to better performance. While in the case of Linux, these decisions were often favoring simplicity instead of performance. This caused Windows to be developed into complex and sophisticated code whereas Linux is elegant and simple while still being modern.

The Burning Of The Houses Of Parliament By Samuel Taylor...

Romanticism, a literary movement that swept through much of Europe as well as many other countries throughout the world, carried a spirit, which in itself was a revolt against an established order of things- precise rules, laws, and dogmas. It praised imagination over reason, emotions over logic, and intuition over science, making way for a vast body of literature of great sensibility and passion. Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. One of his phenomenal works is â€Å"Frost at Midnight,† which captivates a father’s love for his son and his understanding of Nature as an essential part of one life. J.M.W. Turner’s artwork, â€Å"The Burning of the Houses of Parliament, 1835,† drew many connections to Coleridge’s poetry, as both were highly symbolic of Nature, while following the other tena nts of Romanticism. While Turner’s artwork and Coleridge’s poetry are quite different from one another, the different tenants of Romanticism, including Nature and the Development of the Individual, the beauty of Nature and the value of hidden concern and affection all help bring the two pieces together. The starting point of â€Å"Frost at Midnight† is, thus, a sharp and frosty night, on which Coleridge, surrounded by complete utter silence and the warm interior of the cottage where his son lays asleep, contemplates on the dark yet calm,

Organizational Project Management - 1193 Words

Contents Acknowledgement 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Organizational project management 4 3. OPM3 Model 5 3.1. Primary physical parts of the standard 5 3.2. OPM3 Stages 6 4. How does the OPM3 work? 7 5. Benefits of OPM3 to the organization 8 6. What kind of commitment is required to launch OPM3 in an organization? 8 7. Importance of OPM3 to the project management profession 9 8. Summary 10 9. References 11 1. Introduction Successful implementation of a new organizational strategy can turn a good organization into a great one. Conversely, strategies that fail or generate poor results can quickly damage the organization’s reputation and brand, internally and externally. Effective strategy execution is the†¦show more content†¦ii. The self ASSESSMENT element is an interactive database tool that lets organizations evaluate their current situation and identify their areas in need of improvement should an organization decided to embark on the path to higher maturity. iii. The IMPROVEMENT element will help map out the steps needed to achieve their goals. * KNOWLEDGE element which drives Assessment * ASSESSMENT element which in turn drives Improvement * IMPROVEMENT element. 5. Benefits of OPM3 to the organization I. It bridges the gap between strategy and individual project. II. It provides a comprehensive body of knowledge regarding what constitutes best practices in organizational project management. III. By using OPM3, an organization can determine exactly which organizational project management best practices and capabilities it does and does not have. IV. If the organization decides to pursue improvements, OPM3 provides guidance on prioritizing and planning. 6. What kind of commitment is required to launch OPM3 in an organization? The process of applying OPM3 in an organization is difficult to quantify. It depends on factors such as the size, complexity and initial maturity of the organization, the thoroughness of the assessment, the nature of the organization’s strategic objectives, and the level of resources available also impact any estimate.Show MoreRelatedProject Management : Management And Organizational Issues767 Words   |  4 PagesProjects doesn’t work in isolation, rather they operate in an organization environment, therefore, project managers need to take a system or holistic approach in order to solve complex problems when they are working on projects integrating business and organizational issues into their planning (Schwalbe, 2014). 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Women Before and After the Pahlavi Period in Iran

Women Before and After the Pahlavi Period In Iran Hashem Alshakhas December 11 2013 Table of Contents Section Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Rise of Reza and Muhammad Shah†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 The first Pahlavi period- Reza Shah†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Modernization, unveiling and clash with the citizens†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 The second Pahlavi period- Muhammad Shah†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 After The Islamic Revolution †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..19 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..21 Introduction It has been more†¦show more content†¦Reza Shah paid a visit to Ankara to benefit from Ataturk’s experience. The intentions of Reza Shah were the same as Ataturk’s intentions in turkey; he was working on paralyzing the role of Islam in the society and on banning the hijab among other things. Reza shah then forbade the Imam Hussain consolation gatherings. After he banned clerics from wearing turbans in 1935 and forced them to wear western style clothing, in 1936, he officially banned hijab and later on stopped working by the Islamic calendar. He also gave his official orders to stop condolences rituals in Ashura (10th day of the holy month of Muharram) and banned Friday prayers speeches and banned religious teachings at schools. For her part, Reza Shahs wife entered the Maisuma mosque in Qom without wearing the hijab, and when the mosques servant asked her to put on clothes that are suitable with her entry to the mosque, he was brutally beaten by her bodyguards. Among all things, Shah Reza was preparing his son Mohammed Reza to assume power after him. So for that reason, his son studi ed at the military school in Iran and then continued his education in Austria. After he returned, he started to deal with politics under the supervision of his father who was always supporting him. As reassurance and as a way to further hold on to his throne with a tighter grip, he wanted to reinforce his kingdom through the marriage relationships with other kingdoms,Show MoreRelatedWomen s Rights And Political Regimes1437 Words   |  6 Pagesexception in Iran, where the struggle between modernization and keeping the old traditional Islamic values has been a main focus between political leaders. Throughout the decade’s, women in Iran have experienced many changes and challenges regarding their rights and freedoms. Women’s rights in Iran have varied with the changed in leader and regime for decades. Each regime has dictated every aspect of women’s lives, from voting to their daily outfit; without their contribution or approval. Women in IranianRead MoreThe American Of The Persian Gulf1480 Words   |  6 PagesPersian Gulf. We had oil, but not enough money to extract and refine the oil. The big bucks British did though. They were given a lot of profit from this and had freedom to extract all the Iranian oil that they pleased. This maddened the people of Iran. They watched their Shah and these British business men become filthy rich while the rest of the country was dirt poor. Our hopes were raised when our Iranian Prime Minister Mosaddegh took over the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. We all loved Mosaddegh’sRead MoreIr A Country With A Rich History1677 Words   |  7 PagesIran is a country with a rich history that stretches back to the formation of the Persian Empire in 550 BC. It is important to discuss the history of Iran when viewing its current state of politics because over this vast period of time there was a distinct set of rule that had just ended less than forty years ago. From 550 BC to 1979, Iran (formerly known as Persia, changed names in 1935) had been ruled by emperors, kings and shahs (Persian for ‘king of kings’), until the Iranian Revolution of 1979Read MoreEvents Leading up to the First Persian Gulf War1295 Words   |  5 Pages From 1880-1888, Iraq and Iran engaged in a conflict that resulted in much bloodshed without much of anything being resolved. This was known as the First Persian Gulf War, which started with the land and air invasion of Iran by Iraq on September 22, 1980. The authoritarian president of the Republic of Iraq during this time period was Saddam Hussein, who was best known for his extreme violation of human rights. Ruhollah Khomeini led the Islamic Republic of Iran after the conclusion of the 1979 IranianRead MoreWhy The Iranian Revolution Occur During A Time Of National Progress And Prosperity?1965 Words   |  8 Pageseconomically stable nation as Iran to have its government overthrown. The scope of this investigation is the events throughout the 20th century that put the family of monarch Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into power and the family’s fall from power, but more focused on the latter. It’s important to see how the Pahlavi family rose to p ower to understand the condition of the monarchy and what changed between the reigns of the different monarchs. Shiva Balaghi’s A Brief History of 20th-Century Iran is a valuable resourceRead MoreWomen s Rights Throughout Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis And History Essay2310 Words   |  10 PagesPersepolis and History: 1979-1995 Before the Iranian Revolution, many women in Iran took possession of many basic opportunities and rights. These rights included the ability to wear less of full coverage clothing, freedom of speech, a much better equality standing with men, having the Family Protection Law, all while making progress in participation of education. In 1925 when Reza Shah Pahlavi came into power, life in Iran took a conservative turn for all of the women and their rights. Over the courseRead MoreThe Effects of the Iranian Hostage Crisis1117 Words   |  5 PagesState’s complex relationship with Iran. The effects on both the US and Iran were astronomical, especially politically as well as economically and socially. It took a heavy toll on American relations with the Middle East and changed the way we engage in foreign affairs. In light of this crisis, Iran started an international war that we are still fighting thirty-two years later. The complexity of America’s relationship with Iran increased steadily beginning in 1908, when Iran struck oil. The Shah, the kingRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution 732 Words   |  3 PagesLongevity and positive outcomes are what determine whether a revolution is successful or not. This is not the case for Iran. Since the revolution, Iran has been economically, politically, and socially unstable. With an economy dependent on oil, a natural source whose production is unpredictable, stability is simply unattainable. With the same leader for a long period of time, not much can change politically. Oppositions and revolts can happen and disrupt the social lives of Iranian citizens. AlthoughRead MoreChanging Identities in Iran2923 Words   |  12 Pagesimage of the Middle-East. In the case of Iran, this is especially true. Similarly to many other states in the Middle-East, Iran’s past can be characterized by perpetual ideological conflict, rivaling tribal factions and a diffi culty in sustaining a lasting identity. In contrast, however, Iran was among several developing nations to escape direct colonialism.[1] Nevertheless, â€Å"economic domination and imperial manipulation describe Europe’s relationship with Iran for much of the century leading up toRead MoreThe Revolution : An Overview2315 Words   |  10 Pageshas led to such an event-their leader s name being the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. These protestors were left-leaning university students, middle-class Iranians, as well as Islamic fundamentalists who supported Khomeini, who ultimately claimed the crown of leadership himself in his own image. Bottom line is the people who hated the Shah were all kinds of Iranians that could be found, on these streets and elsewhere in Iran (Cohen). The demonstrations did however begin two years earlier, in the year

Blood Disorders Free Essays

Blood disorders describe problems associated with blood components such as red blood cells, platelets, enzymes, plasma and white blood cells. The characteristics of blood disorders depend on the real blood disease. Blood disorders can also be associated with hereditary characteristics whereby some disease causing organisms are transferred from parents to children. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Disorders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blood disorders or diseases lead to continuous bleeding in case of an injury and poor blood clotting. Blood diseases result from abnormalities in blood itself or defects in blood vessels. The three given cases in this paper relates to various blood disorders associated with lifestyle, genetics and injuries. The first case of four years Amy, who complains of tiredness al the time and eats pasta, breads and hot dogs, and drinks artificial fruit punch, is a case of anemia. Amy is a pale and picky eater and her mother is single and cannot afford to feed large family so it means that her daughter consumes unbalanced diet. Anemia is a blood disorder whereby the number of red blood cells is insufficient to supply enough iron to body parts (Hadorn Ernst, 1961). Iron deficiency is the main cause of anemia and children are vulnerable to this disorder. Main characteristics of anemia include fatigue, slow healing of wounds, weakness, drowsiness and dizziness. Amy complains of being tired all the time and this is one of the main symptoms of anemia. The blood disorder is diagnosed through examination of blood sample and in many cases; the red blood cells are small and pale. Anemia is treated by iron tablets and consumption of vegetables such as spinach and foods rich in iron. Anemia in this case of Amy can be prevented through consumption of well balanced diet and avoiding any circumstances that can lead to excess bleeding such as injuries. In the case of Marcus, a five-year-old African American male whose mother wants the nurse to screen his son for trait is a case of hemochromatosis. It is a case of hereditary blood disorder that has been transferred from mother to son. Hemochromatosis is one of the common hereditary blood disorders that make body tissues to absorb too much iron. Being a hereditary disorder, hemochromatosis is known to develop from dietary iron intake (King E. John, 2002). The blood disorder leads to severe iron overlap in children and young adults. It is caused by defect in HFE gene responsible for controlling amount of iron observed from food. Children who inherit the defective gene from one parent become carries of the disease but may not develop it. Symptoms of hemochromatosis include joint pain, abdominal pain, and fatigue and heart problems. The blood disorder is diagnosed by collecting information concerning family history, physical examination and routine blood tests. Hemochromatosis is treated by controlling the amount of iron getting into the body through phlebotomy process. Prevention of hemochromatosis is very technical as it is a hereditary disease transferred from parents to children through genetics. However, it can be prevented by protecting the body from excess iron. In the case of Richard, he is likely to have thrombosis as is analyzed in his body condition of numerous bruises and tiny red marks around his eyes. Thrombosis is clotting of blood vessels because of blood clot that blocks a vein or artery. Blood clot is caused by damage of blood vessel or changes in blood flow. Symptoms of thrombosis include numerous bruises, swelling of body parts and red spots as a result of blood clot (Wood M. Stephen, 1997). Physical examination of body parts is the best alternative for thrombosis diagnosis. The blood disorder is treated by an anticoagulant that allows thinning of blood. Thrombosis can be prevented through wearing of pressure stockings and use of blood thinners. References Hadorn Ernst, 1961, Developmental Genetics and Lethal Factors, Methuen, Ursula Mittwoch. King E. John, 2002, Mayo Clinic on Digestive Health, Mason Crest. Wood M. Stephen, 1997, Conguering High Blood Pressure, Perseus Books. How to cite Blood Disorders, Papers

The Effects of Catheters on our Body-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Disucuss about the Post-Operative Patient with Urinary Catheter Associated With Urinary Tract Infection. Answer: Introduction Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most prevalent disease found among the male and female elderly patients admitted in hospitals. UTI is caused by the bacterial infection due to long term use of catheter. The patient often experiences cloudy or bloody urine with foul odor and pain in urination. As a nurse, they should conduct proper preventive measures for combating UTI. One of the most important strategies is the reduction of the use of urinary catheters. Background and objective UTI is one of the leading sources of morbidity among the elderly patients. It causes significant pain and infections of bacteria. They cause the health care cost as well as increase the duration of the patient in the hospital. Nurses play the leading role in administration of catheters to the patient. In the orthopedic ward the conditions are worse (Lai et al, 2017). The main objective of the plan includes the reduction in the use of the catheters which is the main cause of the infections. Before starting the plan, the initial step will include the measuring of the effects related to the early removal of catheters (Lo et al, 2014). The nurses can go for a pilot study in the orthopaedic unit and see if the evidence is the drop in the percentage of infections (Weiner et al, 2016). The implementation plan concerning the issue will be directed to mitigate the chances of acquiring urinary tract infections among the elderly patients during the post-operative session by means of removing the urinary catheter within 24-48 hours. Proposed strategies with rationales Empirical studies have highlighted on the issue of UTI due to bacterial colonization because of prolonged use of urinary catheter. The vulnerability of the aged patient has been fund to be even more compared to others. Qualitative studies have revealed that infection prevention guide is required to streamline the safety and efficacy of the urinary catheters when introduced in the patient group. Incorporation of a self-assessment tool has been suggested in this respect to harbor optimum outcomes (Saint et al, 2014). There have been reports of abatement of the rates of catheter associated UTIs following implementation of reminder system and adoption of infection control programs. Additionally proper use of material like that of hydrophilic coated catheter has been found to be effective in case of clean intermittent catheterization (Tenke, Kves Johansen, 2014). Research has also shown that the nurses should be well expert to guide on the aseptic conditions that should be maintained whi le the insertion of catheters (Boev Kiss, 2016). Corroborating the findings of various studies it is quite evident that reduction in rates of catheter associated UTIs is a challenging task and hence collaborative approach is essential to tackle the situation. At the orthopedic unit of the clinical setting, a round the clock monitoring system must be introduced in post operative session where the appointed nurses must take record of any possible symptoms of UTI. The written documentation of UTI must be noted on an hourly basis so that there is no missing out of information and prompt intervention may be ensued on detection. Nurses must be thorough of their duty and engage in making the catheters aseptic for the elderly patient so that infection chances are reduced. In consultation with the attending nurses and professionals of the infection control department in the hospital, the indicators for catheter associated UTI must be presented that will aid in determining the prevalence of UTI in the concerned patient population. Potential impacts and evaluation The impacts show that if the preventive measures are taken on time, then the occurrence of UTI can be avoided. The potential impacts are leading to any positive effects can be verified with the portfolios that is to be maintained and see if the rate of occurrence of the infections have decreased or not (Advani et al, 2017). Symptoms for fever, suprapubic tenderness and urinary culture examination must be noted in the process. Baseline data prior to operation for each of the admitted patents must also be noted to compare and analyze with the post operative patient condition. Final assessment will be done with respect to the reporting of the number of incidences of catheter induced UTI following the intervention after running of a pilot study. They must evaluate properly to see that the preventive strategies that are taken are followed properly (Soe et al, 2015). They must firstly evaluate the safety in handling catheter. The nurses should have the proper knowledge of the catheter use and must follow the updated version for the guideline of the use of catheter. They must see if the catheter is placed properly in patient with safety and with care (Carter et al, 2016). The potential impacts can only be inferred if there is valuable fall in the infection rates in the ward. Possible barriers and ways to overcome it If the scheduled pilot studies and the monitor studies are not done in time then that could be a possible barrier in achieving the goal that is taken. Sometimes there could be barriers in getting right amount help. In that case the persons that will be helping are the nurse clinician, nurse educator, advance practice nurse, infection control nurse. Implementation plan The evidence based project that interests me is the adoption of new protocol that can decrease the incidence of CAUTI. The project included the prevalence study with health team education and prompt communicating with the catheter insertion date and time and the removal recommendations. The implementation plan can include forming a team of experts in nursing that know the preventive plans. The team will be made after choosing the nurses through training. The authority of the hospital organization must be given responsibilities to check if the plan is being well performed. A metric should be made according to the plan. If any further issues develop during the implementation of the plans than the root cause should be made for the adjustments. The evidence based studies include the infrastructures and the resources required to implement any plan on the prevention of the infections. According to the evidence based studies from the practice state of Singapore. The key implementation plans would include (Weiner et al, 2016) Prevent the use of the indwelling catheters Use of the alternative catheters Following a detailed guidelines during administration of the catheters Evaluation and collection of the data after implementing the plan. Conclusion The quantitative study through the health conditions due to UTI can only be well prevented by taking strategies. The nurses will first set some objectives and implement a plan to work on the strategies. The plans should be performed at the scheduled time of the nurses and they must overcome all the barriers that come in way. The plan is implemented with the help of team of experts in handling and managing the catheters. Their main goal is to reduce the use of catheters or using any alternatives. My reflections I was introduced with the topic of the UTI by my teacher during the discussion on the leading cause of death in the hospitals. The teacher also explained to us that this is the main reason for the long stay of the patients in the hospitals. The teacher also said about various ways nurses can adopt rules like preventing the use of catheters. The teacher also told us that hygiene is the most important factors with the introduction of the foley bags to the patients. Initially I was really interested to know more about this topic. Then I found out that the infections can be prevented by the strategic implementation plans by the nurses. The nurses can not only assist the persons with the accurate diagnosis and the treatment but can also implement certain strategies to prevent the infections. I wanted to learn more on how to adopt preventive plans in order to remove the infections in the patients. I also understood that the plan can only be implemented if the nurses can form a team of expe rts that know the updated rules in handling catheters. I also think that nurses should bring out some time to indulge in the task of monitoring the pivot study and see if the plan that is made is standing well or not. I went through several journals available that helped me to construct the objective and then develop a strategy to form the implementation plan. The problem I faced while developing the plan was that the manual for using the alternatives of new available catheters were not given. I feel that the implementation plan made according to the guideline of the catheter use can make the prevention effective. I already have learnt that the bacteria are mostly multidrug resistant and the cure is not possible every time with antibiotics. Thus prevention is the best way to resist the infections. I think the plan must satisfy both the long term and short term goals. The plan cannot be made by any particular formula here but only by the response of the steps that are to be taken. Th us the encouragement and active participation of the team members is must. In terms of issues regarding barriers, m immediate steps need to be taken otherwise the procedure will be lengthy. The program monitoring framework should be well accountable and constructed statistically. Any kind of resources like proper guidelines and the alternative catheters if required they are to be brought by the nurses in time. I say that the plan implementation can only be made by the learning the situation first that is to be handled. The next key step should consider the regular practice of the monitoring framework that will eventually make the plan a success. References Advani, S. D., Lee, R. A., Schmitz, M., Camins, B. C. (2017). Impact of Changes to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Definition on Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) Rates in Intensive Care Units at an Academic Medical Center.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,38(5), 621-623. Bellamy, N. (2016). Educating Staff on the ANA CAUTI Prevention Tool in Order to Reduce Infections on the Nursing Unit. Boev, C., Kiss, E. (2016). Hospital-Acquired Infections: Current Trends and Prevention.Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. Carter, E. J., Pallin, D. J., Mandel, L., Sinnette, C., Schuur, J. D. (2016). A Qualitative Study of Factors Facilitating Clinical Nurse Engagement in Emergency Department Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Prevention.Journal of Nursing Administration,46(10), 495-500. Chenoweth, C. E., Gould, C. V., Saint, S. (2014). Diagnosis, management, and prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections.Infectious disease clinics of North America,28(1), 105-119. Fletcher, K. E., Tyszka, J. T., Harrod, M., Fowler, K. E., Saint, S., Krein, S. L. (2016). Qualitative validation of the CAUTI Guide to Patient Safety assessment tool.American journal of infection control,44(10), 1102-1109. Gray, D., Nussle, R., Cruz, A., Kane, G., Toomey, M., Bay, C., Ostovar, G. A. (2016). Effects of a catheter-associated urinary tract infection prevention campaign on infection rate, catheter utilization, and health care workers' perspective at a community safety net hospital.American journal of infection control,44(1), 115-116. Lai, C. C., Lee, C. M., Chiang, H. T., Hung, C. T., Chen, Y. C., Su, L. H., ... Chuang, Y. C. (2017). Implementation of a national bundle care program to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infection in high-risk units of hospitals in Taiwan.Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. Lo, E., Nicolle, L. E., Coffin, S. E., Gould, C., Maragakis, L. L., Meddings, J., ... Yokoe, D. S. (2014). Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,35(5), 464-479. Saint, S., Gaies, E., Fowler, K. E., Harrod, M., Krein, S. L. (2014). Introducing a catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention guide to patient safety (GPS).American journal of infection control,42(5), 548-550. Soe, M. M., Gould, C. V., Pollock, D., Edwards, J. (2015). Targeted assessment for prevention of healthcare-associated infections: a new prioritization metric.infection control hospital epidemiology,36(12), 1379-1384. Tenke, P., Kves, B., Johansen, T. E. (2014). An update on prevention and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infections.Current opinion in infectious diseases,27(1), 102-107. Weiner, L. M., Webb, A. K., Limbago, B., Dudeck, M. A., Patel, J., Kallen, A. J., ... Sievert, D. M. (2016). Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20112014.infection control hospital epidemiology,37(11), 1288-1301.